Infertility Evaluation

Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after at least one year of unprotected intercourse (or six months for women over 35) despite regular ovulation. Here’s an overview of infertility evaluation, including symptoms, causes, procedure, and treatments:

Symptoms of Infertility

Difficulty Conceiving: Inability to get pregnant despite regular, unprotected intercourse.
Irregular Menstrual Cycles: Irregular periods may indicate ovulation problems.
Painful Periods: Severe menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea) or pelvic pain.
Hormonal Imbalances: Symptoms such as excessive hair growth (hirsutism) or hormonal disturbances.

Causes of Infertility

Ovulation Disorders: Conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or hypothalamic dysfunction.
Fallopian Tube Blockage: Damage or blockage that prevents the egg from reaching the uterus.
Endometriosis: Growth of uterine tissue outside the uterus, affecting fertility.
Uterine or Cervical Abnormalities: Fibroids, polyps, or structural issues that interfere with implantation.
Male Factors: Low sperm count, poor sperm motility or morphology.

Infertility Evaluation Procedure

Medical History and Physical Examination: Detailed history of menstrual cycles, sexual habits, and medical conditions. Physical exam to check for signs of underlying health issues.
Ovulation Testing: Blood tests to measure hormone levels and ultrasound to monitor follicle development.
Semen Analysis: Examination of semen to assess sperm count, motility, and morphology.
Hysterosalpingography (HSG): X-ray procedure to examine the uterus and fallopian tubes for blockages or abnormalities.
Laparoscopy: Minimally invasive surgery to diagnose and treat conditions like endometriosis or pelvic adhesions.

Additional Tests

Genetic Testing: Chromosomal abnormalities or inherited conditions.
Hormonal Testing: Assess thyroid function, prolactin levels, and ovarian reserve.
Imaging Studies: MRI or ultrasound to identify structural abnormalities.

Treatments for Infertility

Medications: Hormonal treatments to induce ovulation or regulate menstrual cycles.
Surgery: Correcting anatomical issues such as fibroids, polyps, or blocked fallopian tubes.
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART):
Intrauterine Insemination (IUI): Sperm is placed directly into the uterus during ovulation.
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF): Eggs are retrieved from the ovaries, fertilized in a lab, and implanted into the uterus.
Lifestyle Changes: Weight management, smoking cessation, and reducing alcohol intake.
Counseling and Support: Emotional support and counseling for couples facing infertility.